Essay on Ethos, Pathos, Logos Kings Letter to Birmingham

Ethos, Pathos amp; Logos in â€Å"The Letter from Birmingham Jail† Some varieties of inspiration come as passionate love while others appeal as injustice as did Martin Luther King in his â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail.† Martin Luther King Jr. effectively crafted his counter argument by first directly addressing his audience, the clergymen, and then using logos, pathos, and ethos to refute his opponents statements and present his own perspective. After stating the general purpose of his letter, Martin Luther King Jr. specifically addressed the clergymen to set up for his logical counterargument. First Martin Luther King effectively makes use of logos throughout his letter. He clarifies all of the reasons for his arguments and supports them†¦show more content†¦when you have seen vicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim; when you have seen hate filled policemen curse, kick and even kill your black brothers and sisters; when you see the vast majority of your twenty million Negro brothers smothering in an airtight cage of poverty in the midst of an affluent society; when you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six year old daughter why she cant go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children, and see ominous clouds of inferiority beginning to form in her little mental sky, and see her beginning to distort her personality by developing a n unconscious bitterness toward white people; when you have to concoct an answer for a five year old son who is asking: Daddy, why do white people treat colored people so mean? King demonstrates his ability to inspire his fellow civil rights activists, raise empathy in the hearts of white conservatives, and create compassion in the minds of the eight clergyman to which the Letter is directed.Ethos are present throughout the â€Å"Letter† but there was one specific example that caught my attention. â€Å"Let us consider a more concrete example of just and unjust laws. An unjust law is a codeShow MoreRelatedLetter From A Birmingham Jail By Martin Luther King Jr.920 Words   |  4 PagesIn his â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail,† Martin Luther King Jr. makes appeals to ethos, logos, and pathos to convince the clergymen that colored people have been waiting for too long for political, economic, and social justice and freedom. He argues that it’s unfair to promi se someone, or a group, for a change and not fulfill that promise. Along with demonetizing and/or belittling a person to the point where they don’t feel as important or as worth as they should; making them feel hatred and angerRead MorePersuasive Speech : Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.1334 Words   |  6 PagesLuther King, Jr., a powerful advocate of African American rights, was an expert at convincing his audience to feel and react to his speeches however he wanted them to. One of the main ways he achieved this was through the use of the artistic proofs. The ‘artistic proofs’ is a term coined by the ancient greek philosopher known as Aristotle (User). The artistic proofs consist of three types of persuasion that appeal to people in their own unique ways. The names of these persuasions are ethos, pathosRead MoreThe Three Characteristics Of Ethos In Dr. Martin Luther King779 Words   |  4 Pagesprinciples of Ethos, Pathos, and Logos. Such method was developed by Aristotle around the 4th century BC. In a wide variety of well-known speeches until modern time these three concepts can be easily identified. Moreover, it is possible to see the famous characteristics proposed by Aristotle in the letter written by Martin Luther King in 1963 while imprisoned at Birmingham Jail. The term Ethos address the capacity of the speaker to convince its audience about his/her credibility and character. Ethos is normallyRead MoreMartin Luther King Rhetorical Styles912 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership and Oratory Styles Martin Luther King Dr. Martin Luther King has influenced generations with his impeccable ability to lead people, his persuasive skills, and oratory skills. While there were many key figures in the Civil Rights movement, Dr. King’s leadership and oratory skills set him apart from the others as the de facto figurehead of the movement. His ability to integrate ethos, logos, and pathos in his leadership contributed to the great historical figure that is globally recognizedRead MoreEssay on Letter from Birmingham Jail Brief Analysis850 Words   |  4 Pages‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ Rhetorical Analysis Martin Luther King Jr., the leader of the Civil Rights Movement, was arrested and placed in Birmingham jail after leading a non-violent march to protest racism in the streets of Alabama- a highly segregated state at the time. There he received a newspaper containing â€Å"A Call for Unity,† which was written by eight white Alabama clergymen criticizing King and his movement’s methods; this prompted King to write a letter in response to the criticsRead MoreComparison of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail and I Have a Dream772 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the greatest speakers for the black civil rights movement was Martin Luther King, Jr. Two of his pieces that stand out the most, was the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† and â€Å"I Have a Dream†. The Letter From Birmingham Jail is exactly that, it’s a letter that King had wrote while he was in jail, to a group of clergy members who disapproved of his action in Birmingham City. I Have a Dream was speech that was delivered in Washington, DC at Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963. This speech was writtenRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Mlk Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay1308 Words   |  6 Pageswriting his, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was mainly to appeal to an undeniable injustice that occurred during his time. His letter was in response tos eight white clergymen, who objected to King protesting in Birmingham. Dr. King effectively crafted his counterargument after analyzing the clergymen’s unjust proposals and then he was able to present his rebuttal. Dr. King effectively formed his counterargument by first directly addressing his audience, the clergymen and then using logos, pathos and egosRead MoreLetter from Birmingham Jail; Rhetorical Analysis Essay1620 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King Jr.’s Use of the Rhetoric Triangle Every writer has some sort of drive when writing a piece of work. Whether that drive comes from a creative source or the need to prove a point, it exists. For Martin Luther King Jr. that drive was the need to put an end to racial injustice that seemed to be everywhere. Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is a perfect example. â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was King’s response to eight clergymen’s â€Å"A Call for Unity.† His driveRead MoreRhetorical Strategies In Martin Luther Kings The Letter From Birmingham1518 Words   |  7 PagesLauren Rodriguez Professor Tucker English 1310 19 Sep 2017 Rhetorical Strategies in Martin Luther King’s â€Å"The Letter from Birmingham† Martin Luther Jr, an advocate of civil rights and pastor, was sent to jail after engaging in the Birmingham campaign. At the time, he served as the leader of the Christian Leadership Conference of the South, and was called upon to come to Birmingham and take part in a peaceful program. All the participants of the Alabama based Christian movement planned non-violentRead MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail962 Words   |  4 Pageslove while others appeal as injustice. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a response to A Call for Unity by eight white clergymen. His inspiration for writing the letter was the clergymens unjust proposals and the letter allowed him to present his rebuttal. Martin Luther King Jr. effectively crafted his counter argument by first directly addressing his audience, the clergymen, and then using logos, pathos, and ethos to refute his opponents statements and present his own

Essay Animal Farm by George Orwell - 905 Words

Animal Farm Book Review Summary Animal Farm is a novel by George Orwell. It is an allegory in which animals play the roles of Russian revolutionists, and overthrow the human owners of the farm. Once the farm has been taken over by the animals, they are all equal at first, but class and status soon separates the different animal species. This story describes how a society’s ideologies can be manipulated by those in political power, to cause corruption by those in leadership. Plot The story begins with old major, a boar, who tells the animals of manor farm, his dream of freedom and life without humans. He makes a warning to them of a rebellion. Saying they should never accept any human leaders. Or allow humans to tyrannize over†¦show more content†¦Napoleon - autocratic dictator. Snowball- thoughtful fighter for what is right. Squealer- manipulative spokesperson for Napoleon’s ideas. Boxer- strong, dedicated and loyal horse. The most interesting character I found was Squealer. My reasons being, he served Napoleon following everything he said. Whist using excuses and lies to justify Napoleon’s treacherous acts. This made him to be like an under-dog whose purpose was to corrupt, exploit and confuse the other animals on the farm. The character I had the most sympathy for was Snowball. He tried to make a way for the animals to see that Napoleons views were wrong, but the animals were adamant to listen to the rumors and sabotages that he claimed they were doing on the farm. One of the most major conflicts between two of the characters on the farm, was the struggle between Napoleon and Snowball having leadership over the farm. A pig versus pig battle. Eventually leading, to Napoleon getting his comrades to drive snowball out of the farm. His plan worked, which then assumed his power over animal farm. The Style The story is written in third person narrative. I feel the choice of narrative style is important, because it adds effect to the story to engage the reader. I feel the writer uses description in a very effective way. An example of this is the way he describes Napoleon as a ‘reign of terror’, giving us a view on how Napoleon conductsShow MoreRelatedAnimal Farm And George Orwell By George Orwell1034 Words   |  5 Pages Eric Arthur Blair, under the pseudonym of George Orwell, composed many novels in his lifetime that were considered both politically rebellious and socially incorrect. Working on the dream since childhood, Orwell would finally gain notoriety as an author with his 1945 novel Animal Farm, which drew on personal experiences and deeply rooted fear to satirically critique Russian communism during its expansion. Noticing the impact he made, he next took to writing the novel 1984, which similarly criticizedRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1397 Words   |  6 PagesAn important quote by the influential author of Animal Farm, George Orwell, is, â€Å"Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism.† George Orwell, a Democratic Socialist, wrote the book Animal Farm as an attack on the Communist country of Russia (â€Å"The Political Ideas of George Orwell,† worldsocialism.org). He had a very strong disliking of Communism and the Socialist party of Russia. However, he insisted on finding the truthRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1545 Words   |  7 Pagesallow because an this elite institution of people often use this gear to dominate and oppress society. In George Orwell’s story, Animal Farm, Orwell demonstrates that education is a powerful weapon and is a device that can be used to at least one’s benefit. Living in a world where strength is a straightforward to benefit, the pigs quick use education to govern the relaxation of the animals on the farm to serve themselves worked to their advantage. This story in shows the underlying message that   firstRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell944 Words   |  4 Pageslegs(Orwell 132). He carried a whip in his trotter(Orwell 133). In the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, animals have the ability to talk and form their own ethos, Animalism. Animal Farm is an intriguing allegory by George Orwell, who is also th e author of 1984, includes many enjoyable elements. More knowledge of the author, his use of allegorical elements, themes, symbols, and the significance in the real world, allows the reader to get more out of this glance into the future. George OrwellRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1100 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Widely acknowledged as a powerful allegory, the 1945 novella Animal Farm, conceived from the satirical mind of acclaimed author George Orwell, is a harrowing fable of a fictional dystopia that critiques the socialist philosophy of Stalin in terms of his leadership of the Soviet Union. Tired of their servitude to man, a group of farm animals revolt and establish their own society, only to be betrayed into worse servitude by their leaders, the pigs, whose initial virtuous intentionsRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1538 Words   |  7 PagesMecca Animal Farm The Russian Revolution in 1917 shows how a desperate society can be turned into a military superpower filled with terror and chaos. George Orwell uses his book, Animal Farm, to parallel this period of time in history. This book is an allegory of fascism and communism and the negative outcomes. The animals begin with great unity, working toward a common goal. The government then becomes corrupted by the temptations of power. George Orwell uses the characters in Animal Farm to showRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell876 Words   |  4 Pagesrebellious animals think no man means freedom and happiness, but they need to think again. The animals of Manor Farm rebel against the farm owner, Mr. Jones, and name it Animal Farm. The animals create Animalism, with seven commandments. As everything seems going well, two of the animals get into a rivalry, and things start changing. Food starts disappearing and commandments are changed, and the power begins to shift. Father of dystopian genre, G eorge Orwell writes an interesting allegory, Animal FarmRead MoreAnimal Farm by George Orwell1175 Words   |  5 PagesAn enthusiastic participant in the Spanish civil war in 1936, George Orwell had a great understanding of the political world and made his strong opinions known through his enlightening literary works, many of which are still read in our modern era. Inspired by the 1917 Russian Revolution and the failed society it resulted in, Animal Farm by George Orwell is an encapsulating tale that epitomises how a free utopian society so idealistic can never be accomplished. The novella exemplifies how influencesRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1089 Words   |  5 PagesIn George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm†, the pigs as the farm leaders, use unknown language, invoke scare tactics and create specific laws, thereby enabling them to control other animals, to suit their greedy desires, and to perform actions outside their realm of power. Because of the pigsâ⠂¬â„¢ use of broad language, and the implementation of these tactics they are able to get away with avoiding laws, and are able to convince other animals into believing untrue stories that are beneficial to the pigs. The firstRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell999 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Farm Essay George Gurdjieff was an influential spiritual teacher in the early twentieth century. He references in the following quote that when one is uneducated he will always remain a slave. â€Å"Without self knowledge, without understanding the working and functions of his machine, man cannot be free, he cannot govern himself and he will always remain a slave.† (Gurdjieff) This ties in with how the animals are treated in George Orwell’s Animal Farm. Animal Farm is a novella about animals who

Peace Six Hundred Miles Away free essay sample

I am on a plane. I don’t know where I am going or who the people around me are. In confusion, I look around and try to comprehend to what is going on. As I look, I am attracted to the oceans glorious blue color that I spot through a passenger’s window. While looking out this window I hear a familiar voice echo and continuously get louder and louder. â€Å"Sergio get up! Sergio get up! Sergio get up!† It is my sister, and she had just woke me up from my pleasant dream. Normally, I would have told her to leave me alone and to get out of my room, but this was a special exception. Today was the day we were flying out of state to go visit my oldest sister in time for Thanksgiving. It was five a.m., and we had a scheduled flight three hours from now. So, after getting up from bed, I took a quick shower. I followed this shower by eating a delicious bowl of my favorite cereal, Honey Bunches of Oats. Then, after giving my dog and cat a big hug, I helped put the luggage in the car. The next thing I remembered was me waking up on our arrival to the airport terminals. After a tedious two hours spent checking in and waiting, I finally heard our planes number ready to descend. This was not my first time on a plane so once onboard; I put my seatbelt on, placed my seat further back, hugged my pillow and tried to get some rest. After a very short flight, we had arrived to our destination. Immediately, I felt the change of environment when I stepped off the plane. The air across my body felt denser, the sun’s dominate blaze could not compensate for the chill I was feeling, and the faint smell of farm animals had me puzzled. I had officially arrived to Albuquerque, New Mexico. I was now six hundred miles away from home and on my way to my sister’s house. On this car ride I was exposed to more than just the agony of sitting down for another two hours. I was in a painting and I was seeing nature like I never had before. Splashes of yellow, brown, and orange were evident across the desserts we passed by. The same glorious blue color from the ocean in my dream consumed the sky. The clouds engulfed by a dark red color further illustrated the warm feeling I felt. I was enjoying the simplicity of everyday nature overwhelm my mind. The same way Henry Thoreau expresses in, Where I lived, and What I Lived For, I understand him when he proclaims he wants to â€Å"suck out all the marrow of life,† and how he points out that, â€Å"life is frittered away by detail† (Thoreau, 404). Thoreau draws the metaphor that although life is complicated we worry about unnecessary things at times, but that we can found ourselves more content in enjoying the sim ple things life has to offer. In my case, I was able to find tranquility and fascination through the different display of nature I was exposed to. However, my enlightening experience in this unfamiliar part of the world did not end here, but instead continued later that night when a brighter set of lights dawned on me. Upon arriving to my sister’s home, we all accompanied ourselves to the feast my sister had prepared for us. After much conversing and eating, my sister insisted we all spend the last of the night outside enjoying the warmth the fire pit provided. Sure enough, the fire from the pit soared and illuminated the backyard, but as this was going on I was intrigued by a different kind of light. Looking up at the midnight sky I saw something I had not seen before. What I saw were stars, hundreds of them scattered across the sky. Though I have seen stars before, I had not seen them in abundant numbers as I was now. Stars spread across the sky, like small lights shining on a stage. I starred at these stars and allowed my mind to embrace the infinite number of questions that emerged. Why are there so many stars? Why do they appear white? How far away are they? Why do so some stars appear to blink while others stay put? While I pondered on all of these questions interestingly enough, I fo und myself in a state of admiration and serenity. In Seeing by Annie Dillard, I relate to her when she says, â€Å"I reel in confusion; I don’t understand what I see. With the naked eye I can see two million light-years to the Andromeda galaxy† (Dillard, 121).The same perplexity that dwells Annie mind, was what I felt when I had seen the hundreds of stars above me. What I received from this experience was nature giving back through its most giving form, peace of mind and utter fascination. I find these experiences of nature to be one of the most profound encounters I have had with it. Having been in a different part of the world and been able to enjoy the luxury of nature in a different perspective was the best token I received on my trip to New Mexico. Through Annie Dillard and Henry Thoreau word’s, they remind us to feel privileged for being able to see the wonders that we see and to free our minds and enjoy the simple offerings nature offers. N. Scott Momaday depicts her journey in The Way to Rainy Mountain, as â€Å"a landscape that is incomparable, a time that is gone forever, and the human spirit, which endures† (Momaday, 2). Leaving this new state I too felt the same way Momaday felt on her journey. The landscapes I saw were one of a kind, the amount of time I spent admiring the stars was worth every second, and it was my mind that endured the bliss I found in nature. In the end, although nature and I are two separate entities, I now feel more con nected with it. With the glimpse of nature’s offering I experienced, I am now more than ever intrigued to explore what other wonders lay across this giant ball of nature we call Earth, and the wonders that lurk deeper within our galaxy.

Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Banned free essay sample

Professional athletes are role models for many young children adolescents. If for example a young child hears about an athlete using drugs, he might think that using drugs is all right for him as well. Similarly, if the athlete is not severely punished then the child will think he can get off easy too. However if a child sees that the sport wants to remediate any and all situations involving professional athletes taking drugs, he will be helped to understand that taking drugs is socially unacceptable. If all our sports stars start to use drugs then what type of example would this set or outh? High schools would start to use drugs if everyone started using drugs as our 2nd speaker said where would all the talent and skill go? Already many young adults are introduced to drugs such as steroids by their youth. An adolescent child may use these drugs to enhance this performance in a sport. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Enhancing Drugs Should Be Banned or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most young adults have heard of steroids, know someone using steroids or have used steroids themselves by the time they start doing high school sport. And even if PED were only legalized for adults, the definition for this varies from country to country, e. n France you are considered an adult by the time you are 13-15 and NZ its when your 18-20. Teenage athletes train alongside adult athletes and share the same coaches, so many would succumb to the temptation to use these drugs if these were widely available. Not only are such young adults unable to make fully informed choice about drug taking it also harms their body worse than adult users e. g. Steroids in younger people can stop hormones from being released and stunts growth. In older people it can cause prostate cancer. Also the use of these drugs would send a positive message about drug culture and other drugs. If PED became legal in the sporting society, then drug addicts would obviously find some way to get their hands on those drugs. Lets use an example; a drug dealer could call himself an upcoming athlete order some steroids under his name, or a regular drug addict could call himself a player for their High schools International cricket team and get access to drugs as well. Also L+G if drugs became legal in one part of our culture then other people will start o think as this new legalization as being double standard. At the moment there are drug buses coming to school explaining about the harm that drugs do and advise children not to do them. What if all of a sudden they children drugs are illegal and harmful, Id advise anyone not to do them. Unless you are a performer then its okay. What type of e. g. does this set people? Again this comes down to influencing children. Also it sportsmen and pertormers are allowed to do drugs then the question arises, hy not allow other professional physically laboring Jobs such as construction workers to also use steroids to enhance their ability? Why not make those PED legal in regular communities as well? Questions like these will start to frustrate people causing protests and boycotts against PED anyway. If normal people cant use drugs for everyday Jobs then why should sportsmen and performers be any different? This L+G is called double standard. By allowing PED we are setting double standards here. There would also be horrible consequences for PED. Drug taking would become ommon and too much people would end up in hospitals. More deaths, more violence and more health disorders. All this Just because one part of society decided they needed drugs to perform for them not their skill. L+G isnt it ironic that people play sport to be fit healthy, yet at the same time they use PED making their fitness health poor. By enforcing that all PED be banned we create a positive effect on society the future of the living world. We have faith that our athletes are competing naturally performing at their personal best.

The Party Identification Model and Partisan Dealignment free essay sample

The decline in political parties, in conjunction with accessibility of mass media, has led to the deterioration of internal party campaigning. As such, the party professional with their polling, surveys and other aspects of systematic elections research have replaced the party worker as the primary method of gathering campaign information. In the United States, political parties have responded to such weakness by utilising candidate centred politics, in which candidates mobilise their own electorate. Whilst the decline of political parties is prevalent within Britain and Australia, these electorates have not adapted to this movement away from the party organisation and continue to vote according to party-orientation as candidates are unable to gain their own base of support with voters placing party policies and national issues over candidate value. By the 1950s, a portrait of the American electorate was drawn that emphasised ‘the absence of ideology or specific issues as political motivations for the American voter and the overwhelming importance of a sense of affiliation with party for presidential and congressional voting. We will write a custom essay sample on The Party Identification Model and Partisan Dealignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Partisan identification was the anchor of stability for the political system; however, following the impact of short-term events during the 1960s, such as the Vietnam War, there was a decline in party loyalty as the American political system was weakened. Such decline is indicated by the substantial decrease in voter turnout, the sharp rise in split-ticket voting and an increase in volatility within the electorate. As the political parties’ ability to polarise opinion weakened and voters were set politically adrift, the candidates themselves had to fill the power vacuum. The American electorate had entered an era labelled by Frank Sorauf as the candidate-centred campaign in which ‘the party professional had given way to a different type of professional- the advertising and public relations man, the management specialist, the media specialist, the pollster- who performs services for candidates based on the skills he has acquired in non-political fields. ’. The party, as Sorauf claims, no longer played the main role as the organising intermediary in the campaigns as ‘candidates increasingly mobilised their own electorates. ’ As political party organisations became less important in mobilising voters, and as voters became less inclined to vote a straight party ticket, candidates began to turn to professionals who possessed the skills to market candidates through other media. Consequently, the primary factor in the rise of candidate centred campaigning is the atrophy of political party organisations within the U. S. Since the early twentieth century, there has been a gradual decline in the control exercised by party organisations over the most important aspects of the electoral process- candidate selections, issue positions, setting of strategies and allocation of campaign resources. The new politics of campaigning have arisen because of changes in the American political scene that have weakened traditional party structures and strengthened the personality of the candidate. Once powerful party organisations, such of those at their height during the 1950s and 1960s, which mobilised a pre-existing base of voters behind a party ticket, had now given way to a new politics dominated by ‘personalities’ who employ new means to mobilise a more fluid electorate. As noted in Martin Wattenberg’s, The Rise in Candidate-Centred Politics, there exists ‘countless survey evidence to document Americans’ lack of concern with partisanship and the role of political parties in the U. S. government. ’ Most persuasive is the belief that one should vote for the candidate, not the party. Even in 1956, when most voters were in fact voting straight tickets, seventy-four percent of respondents in the Gallup poll agreed with this general belief and by 1968 this figure had risen to eighty-four percent. The principle of placing the value of the candidate ahead of party policies has become a key characteristic of the American consensus, as political parties are not perceived as being as particularly meaningful as they are within Britain and Australia. It is commonly understood within the British electorate that artisan attachment has eroded since attitudinal surveys of the electorate began in 1964. Such partisan erosion occurs not in the sense that significantly fewer people are willing to identify themselves with a specific political party, but rather in the sense that they feel unable to claim a very strong affiliation with their preferred party. This is identified in Figure 1. 1, highlighting the continual decline in membership for both the two major parties within the U K, the Labour and Conservatives. In 1951, the Conservatives membership stood at 2. million, and by 2011, it had fallen to as low as 177 000 members. Whereas, the proportion of British Election Survey respondents claiming to have a partisan identity only dropped from ninety-three percent to eight-nine percent between 1964 and 1992, it was the number with a very strong identity that fell from forty-eight percent to nineteen percent. Figure 1. 1 UK Political Party Membership While there is convincing evidence of decline in party politics within Britain, there are also indications of stable party legitimacy that is not evident within the U. S. electorate. The 1987 British Social Attitudes Survey found that fifty-one percent of survey respondents claimed to vote for a given party, regardless of the candidate choice. Some twenty-nine percent indicated that candidate choice came into their voting decision to some extent or other, but only 5. 5 percent claimed to focus primarily on candidate. In Britain, individual candidates have not been able to base campaigns on their own accord as the campaign at the constituency level is relatively insignificant, as general elections are so dominated by the campaign at the national level. Voters will decide whether to change their vote according to the appeal of a national party leader, or national party policies but not according to the personality of their local candidate or their policies. Reinforcing the traditional view that the UK electorate is still predominantly party-orientated and that an overwhelming majority of electors place party considerations well above candidate appeals when deciding on how to vote. Furthermore, the ability of the political parties in the UK to adapt to growing party decline is evident by the continual high levels of electoral turnout. In the UK, turnout was actually higher in the 1992 general election than it was in that of 1945 election with 77. 7 percent compared to 72. 8 percent. In the 2010 elections, UK general election turnout was at 65. 1 percent, almost ten percent higher than the United States Presidential election with only 57. 5% of voter turnout. Such as in Britain, the Australian electorate favours party-orientated voting over candidate centred politics. However, as party memberships have collapsed in recent decades, the importance of political parties as a source of campaign workers and a guide to community opinion has declined. Like the U. S. , Australia’s major political parties are now dominated by professional campaigners, with people who are experts in reading opinion polls, conducting focus groups and crafting messages for speeches, media releases and television commercials. As such, the Australian people have stopped joining political organisations in the vast numbers, as voters can utilise the mass media to understand what is happening within the political sphere, via the internet, television and social networking. The ability to access such information has ensured that the voting public have become sceptical of ideologies, and cynical about the true motives of leaders and their party organisations. As the trust of the government has declined, however, candidates within the Australian electorate have still been unable to create their own base of support, as voters have placed national issues and party policy over candidate value. The results published in the Australian Electoral Study, 1987-2007 identify the importance placed on party policies over party candidates within the Australian electorate, emphasising that while party base support continues to decline, the importance of the party’s policy issues has actually increased since 1996 from 48. 6% to 52. 5%, as shown in Figure 1. 2. Figure 1. 2 Considerations in Voting Decision Within Australia, the weakness of party politics lies in a lack of balance between the campaign professionals and a substantial legion of engaged members who are involved for their commitment to a cause. This decay of party affiliation and the decline in party membership has caused the Liberals, Nationals and Labour parties to look towards some modified form of American-style primaries as a way of attracting wider public engagement through their candidate selection processes. However, Australian political parties would be slow to adopt any change and it would, as is the case in the U. S, reduce the importance of parties, as this process easily allows for candidates to bypass the internal party structures and build power bases directly in the broader electorate. The U. S. have entered a political era in which independence is the main characteristic of party politics and the party organisation is no longer the central focus of the modern campaign as electors are more independent of party labels and party loyalties. The once powerful ‘mass party’ within America has given way to the personalities of power within the party framework that utilise the resources of popularity and financial wealth to formulate issue positions, define strategy while communicating with the voters through the mass media. Against this, in the Australian and British electorate, parties continue to fulfill a number of crucial political functions and have not responded to party decline with the rise of candidate centred politics, as voters continue in their party-orientated voting. Evidently, the electorate has transformed with decay of party affiliation and the dramatic decline in party membership since their height in the 1950s. Nevertheless, political parties have shown evidence of their capacity to respond to these weaknesses and their changing environment and as such, it could be suitable to refer to the phenomenon of party adaptation rather than that of party decline. BIBLIOGRAPHY Australian Electoral Study 1987-2007, Trends in Australia: Political Opinion, lt;http://assda. anu. edu. au/aestrends. pdfgt;, 2008, (Accessed 24. 4. 2013) Agranoff, R. , ‘The New Style of Campaigning: The Decline of Party and the Rise of Candidate-Centered Technology,’ in Fishel, J. , ed. Parties and Elections in the Anti-Party Age, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1978, pp. 30-240. CNN Politics, Report Shows Turnout Lower than 2008 and 2004, lt;http://politicalticker. blogs. cnn. com/2012/11/08/report-shows-turnout-lower-than-2008-and-2004/gt;, 2012, (Accessed 25. 4. 2013) Dennis, J. , ‘Trends in Public Support for the American Party System’ in British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 5, No. 2 , 1975, pp. 187-230. Everson, D. , ‘The Decline in Political Parties’, in Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Vol. 34, No. 4, 1982, pp. 49-60. Sorauf, F. , Political Parties in the American System, Boston, Little Brown, 1964. The Decline of the Political Parties, lt;http://makewealthhistory. org/2012/10/08/the-decline-of-the-political-parties/gt;, 2012, (Accessed 25. 4. 2013) UK Political Info, General Election Turnout 1945-2010, lt;http://www. ukpolitical. info/Turnout45. htmgt; , (Accessed 25. 4. 2013) Wattenberg, M. , The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1991. Webb, P. , ‘Are British Political Parties in Decline? ’ in Party Politics, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1995, pp. 299-322. [ 1 ]. Everson, D. The Decline in Political Parties, in ‘Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science’, Vol. 34, No. 4, 1982, pp. 51. [ 2 ]. Agranoff, R. , The New Style of Campaigning: The Decline of Party and the Rise of Candidate-Centered Technology, in Fishel, J. , ed. ‘Parties and Elections in the Anti-Party Age’, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1978, pp. 230. [ 3 ]. Sorauf, F. , Political Parties in the American System, Boston, L ittle Brown, 1964, pp. 108. [ 4 ]. Wattenberg, M. , The Rise of Candidate-Centered Politics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1991, pp. 34. [ 5 ]. Dennis, J. ‘Trends in Public Support for the American Party System’ in British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1975, pp. 187-230. [ 6 ]. The Decline of the Political Parties, , 2012. [ 7 ]. Webb, P. , Are British Political Parties in Decline? in ‘Party Politics’, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1995, pp. 305. [ 8 ]. Jowell, R. , et al. British Social Attitudes Report. Aldershot, Dartmouth Publishing, 1987. [ 9 ]. UK Political Info, General Election Turnout 1945-2010, . [ 10 ]. CNN Politics, Report Shows Turnout Lower than 2008 and 2004, , 2012. [ 11 ]. Australian Electoral Study 1987-2007, Trends in Australia: Political Opinion, , 2008, pp. 48.

Should Parents Work When Their Children Are Very Young Essays

Should Parents Work When Their Children Are Very Young Essays Should Parents Work When Their Children Are Very Young Essay Should Parents Work When Their Children Are Very Young Essay Should both parents go out to work when their children are young? What are your views? (O-Level Nov. 2004) Crying, screaming and shouting were heard all around the room. Mike, a five-year-old boy, was grasping his motheraâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hand. The reluctance of the leaving of his mother coerced him to appeal to his mother to stay at home. aâ‚ ¬? Mom, please! Dad is out to work. It is enough! aâ‚ ¬? Mike begged. Here comes a controversial social problem aâ‚ ¬ should both parents go out and work when the child is still young?Parents, so-called the first teachers of the children, have crucial impacts on their children. Their presence and love for the children while they are young affect the childrenaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s lives massively. Some parents decide that both of them will go out to work when their children are young. This arouses the deprecation. Firstly, young children do not have the ability to live independently without the help and guidance of their parents. If both parents go out to work, there will be no one at home. Therefore, when the children meet any difficulties, problems or danger, nobody will be aware.Definitely, it is unsafe for the children. For instance, if there is a short circuit in the house, it is easy to fire the house as short circuit can cause fire. However, you may argue that the parents can hire a helper to look after the children. It is true. However, so many cases have clearly indicated the disadvantages of that option. According to the news in Chongqing, China, some domestic workers help the children to shower by putting them into washing machines, and eventually cause the deaths of children.Although the cases are not numerous, the possibility of such potential danger has never gone. Thus, with at least one of the parents at home, one can ensure that the children are safe at home. Secondly, love form parents can never be substituted by other people. The young need the care and love form parents. With parentsaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ love, the young will have the courage to be brave when faced with a difficulty. Some people say that parents display their love as their children when they come after work.However, the long duration of being alone during the day time may leave a dark shadow in childrenaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hearts. Furthermore, if at least one parent says at home with the child, the parent can conduct home education for the child. To bring early education to the child is to give the child an edge in cognitive development. Of course, this job can be done by having a tutor at home. However, the tutor only teaches knowledge from the textbook. He does not provide the moral education. To be a successful man, we know that morality and a good personality are crucial.However, I have to admit that if both parents go out to work, the children may become and better able independent to handle most of the things themselves. Inculcating independence in a child is a necessary life skill. Nevertheless, independence can be inculcated through other means like asking him to place his own order of food during an outing to Pizza Hut. In conclusion, there are advantages to be reaped from having both parents working, the disadvantages far more outgrowth the advantages.

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 20

Report - Essay Example Procurement is fundamental to every project manager in order to advice the company on the right partners to work with, the rights and obligations of every party in a project, and how well the parties can work together. Contracts need strategy in order to succeed and that is why, it paramount to know who will supply what and how the payments of the supplies will be met. A contract to supply raw material, personnel or any other service, should give assurance to the do so for the duration for which the contract runs and under the terms and conditions agreed upon. So that, if the contract is financed on interim basis, the supplier of whichever service or raw material should be able to do so until when payment has been processed (BARNES, 2007). Procurement services should also be subjected to competitive vetting to ensure that the right supplier is awarded the tender to supply raw materials whether all the metallic raw materials or part of that, and that will be the case for all procurements. The project manager will advise the contractor on what elements to look for in tendering a supply of any raw material. Just to highlight, cost of raw material, transport cost; whether it is lumped and gathered for to the site, and the capacity to deliver them in time. The contractor then will have a host of service providers to choose from after which the suitable supplier will commence the supply of the procured materials (MARSH, 2000). Just like any other contract programme, what is binding, has to be backed by evidence and that is the time that has been set out for completion of a project. When a project is completed within the stipulated time, the contractor is entitled to a bonus of the whole cost however, when the project is completed outside this time, the contractor is liable to a penalty. As a matter of fact, the entire project under the watch of a project